Glossary of Terms

Introduction

Parts of this glossary have been taken or adapted from the National Cancer Institute’s Cancer Dictionary and the American Breast Cancer Society’s Breast Cancer Dictionary.

This glossary does not contain definitions of medications. To learn more about specific medications, visit the website of the National Cancer Institute.

Many thanks to the healthcare practitioners who reviewed portions of this glossary:

Mechelle Barrick, RN, BSN, OCN, Greater Baltimore Medical Center
Debra S. Copit, MD, Albert Einstein Medical Center
Ann L. Honebrink, MD, Penn Health at Radnor
Isabel I. Law, RN, South Carolina Comprehensive Breast Center
Judith Macon, RN, MA, Suburban Hospital Cancer Program
Suzanne McGettigan Bensman, MSN, CRNP, AOCN
Lisa McGinty, RN, BSN, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania
Maria Rocktashel, MSN, CRNP, Delaware Valley Surgical Associates
Lynn M. Schuchter, MD, University of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center
Michele D. Stolper, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
Fionda N. Williams, RN, BSN, Baltimore City Cancer Program

Glossary

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1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging: A noninvasive imaging method that provides information about cellular activity (metabolic information). It is used along with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which provides information about the shape and size of the tumor (spacial information). Also called magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging.
3-D: 3-dimensional. A graphic display of depth, width, and height.
3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height.
3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun)
A procedure that uses a computer to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. Also called 3-dimensional radiation therapy.
3-dimensional radiation therapy: Pronunciation: (ray-dee-AY-shun)
A procedure that uses a computer to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. Also called 3-dimensional conformal radiation therapy.
4-hydroxytamoxifen: A form of the medication tamoxifen (brand name: Nolvadex) that is made by the body after taking tamoxifen. It can also be made in the laboratory, and may help decrease breast density. A topical form of 4-hydroxytamoxifen is being studied in breast cancer screening.
ablation: The minimally invasive destruction of tissue or tumor mass. Ablation may be performed by surgery, hormones, medications, radiofrequency, heat, or other methods
abnormal: Not typical or usual; different from what is expected. For example, an abnormal growth may be cancerous, premalignant (likely to become cancer), or benign.
action study: In cancer prevention clinical trials, a study that focuses on finding out whether actions people take can prevent cancer.
activate: In biology, to stimulate a cell in a resting state to become active. This causes biochemical and functional changes in the activated cell.
activities of daily living: ADL. The tasks of everyday life. Basic ADLs include eating, dressing, getting into or out of a bed or chair, taking a bath or shower, and using the toilet. Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) are activities related to independent living and include preparing meals, managing money, shopping, doing housework, and using a telephone.
acupressure: Pronunciation: (AK-yoo-PRESH-er)
The application of pressure or localized massage to specific sites on the body to relieve or control symptoms such as pain. It is an ancient Chinese medical procedure (a type of complementary and alternative medicine). Some women affected by breast cancer find it useful in controlling nausea and other symptoms associated with chemotherapy treatment.
acupuncture: Pronunciation: (AK-yoo-PUNK-cher)
The technique of inserting thin needles through the skin at specific points on the body to relieve or control pain and other symptoms. It is an ancient Chinese medical procedure (a type of complementary and alternative medicine). Some women affected by breast cancer find it useful in controlling nausea and other symptoms associated with chemotherapy treatment.
acustimulation: Mild electrical stimulation of acupuncture points to control symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. Some women affected by breast cancer find it useful in controlling nausea and other symptoms associated with chemotherapy treatment.
acute: Symptoms or signs that begin and worsen quickly lasting for a short duration of time; not chronic.
acute pain: Pain that comes on quickly, can be severe, but lasts a relatively short time.
adenocarcinoma: Pronunciation: (AD-in-o-kar-sin-O-ma)
Cancer that begins in cells that line certain internal organs and that have glandular (secretory) properties. Breast cancers are often adenocarcinomas.
adenoma: Pronunciation: (ad-in-O-ma)
A noncancerous tumor; benign.
adenopathy: Pronunciation: (ad-en-OP-a-thee)
Large or swollen lymph glands.
adjunct agent: In cancer therapy, a medication or substance used in addition to the primary therapy.
adjunctive therapy: A treatment used together or in coordination with the primary treatment. Its purpose is to assist the primary treatment.
adjuvant chemotherapy: Medication given after primary treatment to increase the chances of eliminating the cancer or keeping it from advancing.
adjuvant therapy: Pronunciation: (AD-joo-vant)
Treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of eliminating the cancer. Adjuvant therapy may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or biological therapy.
advance directive: A legal document that states the treatment or care a person wishes to receive or not receive if he or she becomes unable to make medical decisions (for example, due to being unconscious or in a coma). Some types of advance directives are ""living wills"" and ""do-not-resuscitate (DNR)"" orders.
advanced breast cancer: This is breast cancer that has spread beyond the breast and lymph nodes to another organ in the body, such as the bones, brain and liver.
adverse effect: An unwanted potentially harmful effect of treatment.
agent study: In cancer prevention clinical trials, a study that tests whether taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements can prevent cancer. Also a called chemoprevention study.
agglutinin: A substance that makes particles (such as bacteria or cells) stick together to form a clump or a mass.
aggressive: A quickly growing cancer.
agonist: A medication that triggers an action from a cell or another medication.
AJCC staging system: A system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer for describing the extent of cancer in a person's body. The descriptions include TNM: T describes the size of the tumor and if it has invaded nearby tissue, N describes any lymph nodes that are involved, and M describes metastasis (spread of cancer from one body part to another).
alopecia: Pronunciation: (al-oh-PEE-shuh)
The lack or loss of hair from areas of the body where hair is usually found. Women affected by breast cancer sometimes experience alopecia as a result of certain chemotherapy treatments.
alternative medicine: Practices used instead or in conjunction with standard treatments..Alternative medicine includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.
analgesic: A medication that reduces pain. Analgesics include aspirin, acetaminophen (brand name: Tylenol), and ibuprofen (brand name: Advil).
anaplastic: Pronunciation: (an-ah-PLAS-tik)
A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and have little or no resemblance to normal cells.
anecdotal report: An incomplete description of the medical and treatment history of one or more people. Anecdotal reports may be published in places other than peer-reviewed, scientific journals.
anemia: Pronunciation: (a-NEE-mee-a)
A condition in which the number of red blood cells is below normal. Some women affected by breast cancer experience anemia as a side effect of their treatments.
anesthesia: Pronunciation: (an-es-THEE-zha)
Medications or substances that cause loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep.
anesthesiologist: A doctor who specializes in giving medications or other agents to prevent or relieve pain during surgery or other procedures being done in the hospital.
anesthetic: Pronunciation: (an-es-THET-ik)
A substance that causes loss of feeling or awareness. Local anesthetics cause loss of feeling in a part of the body. General anesthetics put the person to sleep.
angelica root: Pronunciation: (an-JEH-lih-kuh root)
The root of any of a group of herbs called Angelica. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, including gastrointestinal problems such as loss of appetite, feelings of fullness, and gas.
angiogenesis: Pronunciation: (an-gee-o-GEN-eh-sis)
Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor.
angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. Researchers are studying a variety of angiogenesis inhibitors for breast cancer in clinical trials. One example of an angiogenesis inhibitor is bevacizumab (brand name: Avastin).
angiogram: Pronunciation: (AN-jee-o-gram)
An x-ray of blood vessels; the person receives an injection of dye to outline the vessels on the x-ray.
angiography: Pronunciation: (an-jee-AH-gra-fee)
A procedure to x-ray blood vessels. The blood vessels can be seen because of an injection of a dye that shows up in the x-ray pictures.
antagonist: In medicine, a substance that stops the action or effect of another substance. For example, a medication that blocks the stimulating effect of estrogen on a tumor cell is called an estrogen receptor antagonist.
anterior mediastinotomy: Pronunciation: (MEE-dee-a-stin-AH-toe-mee)
A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and heart. The tube is inserted through an incision next to the breastbone. This procedure is usually used to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the left side of the chest. Also called the Chamberlain procedure.
anterior mediastinum: The area in the front part of the chest behind the breastbone and between the lungs. Also called prevascular space.
anthracycline: A type of antibiotic that comes from the fungus Streptococcus peucetius. Anthracyclines are used as chemotherapy treatments for breast cancer. For example, doxorubicin (brand name: Adriamycin) and epirubicin (brand name: Ellence) are anthracyclines.
anti angiogenesis: Prevention of the growth of new blood vessels.
anti angiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels.
anti angiogenic therapy: A treatment that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. Researchers are studying a variety of angiogenesis inhibitors for breast cancer in clinical trials. One example of an angiogenesis inhibitor is bevacizumab (brand name: Avastin).
anti apoptotic: Something that prevents apoptosis. Apoptosis is a type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell leads to its death.
antibiotic: Pronunciation: (an-tih-by-AH-tik)
A medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.
antibody: Pronunciation: (AN-tih-BAH-dee)
A type of protein made by lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in response to an antigen (foreign substance). Each antibody can bind to only one specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen.
antibody therapy: Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells.
antidepressant: A medication used to treat depression. Certain types of antidepressants also may be used by women affected by breast cancer to control menopausal side effects like hot flashes and insomnia.
antiemetic: A medication that prevents or reduces nausea and vomiting.
antiestrogen: A substance that blocks the activity of estrogens, the family of hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics. For example, tamoxifen (brand name: Nolvadex) is an antiestrogen.
antigen: A substance that the body recognizes as foreign causing the immune system to make a specific immune response.
antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells (T Cells) of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response.
antigen-presenting cell vaccine: A vaccine made of antigens and antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Also called APC vaccine
antihormone therapy: Treatment with medications, surgery, or radiation in order to block the production or action of a hormone. Antihormone therapy may be used in breast cancer treatment because the hormones estrogen and progesterone are able to stimulate the growth of some types of breast tumors.
antimetabolite: A medication that is very similar to natural chemical metabolites in the body. The medication is so similar to the natural chemical that it is able to interfere with the normal division and functions of cells.
antimicrotubule agent: A medication that inhibits cell growth by stopping cell division. Antimicrotubule agents are used as treatments for breast cancer. Also called antimitotic agents, mitotic inhibitors, and taxanes. For example, docetaxel (brand name: Taxotere) and paclitaxel (brand name: Taxol) are antimicrotubule agents.
antimitotic agent: A medication that inhibits cell growth by stopping cell division. Antimitotic agents are used as treatments for breastcancer. Also called antimicrotubule agents, mitotic inhibitors, and taxanes. For example, docetaxel (brand name: Taxotere) and paclitaxel (brand name: Taxol) are antimicrotubule agents..
antioxidant: Pronunciation: (an-tee-OKS-i-dent)
A substance that prevents damage caused by oxidation (the interaction of oxygen with other chemicals). Oxidation produces free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that damage other molecules or cells which may lead to tissue damage or cancer. Vitamin E is a popular antioxidant..
anxiety: Pronunciation: (ang-ZY-uh-tee)
Feelings of fear, dread, and uneasiness that may occur as a reaction to stress. A person with anxiety may sweat, feel restless and tense, and have a rapid heart beat. Extreme anxiety that happens often over time may be a sign of an anxiety disorder.
apoptosis: Pronunciation: (AY-pup-TOE-siss)
A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell leads to its death. This is the body's normal way of getting rid of unneeded or abnormal cells. The process of apoptosis may be blocked in cancer cells. Also called programmed cell death.
areola: Pronunciation: (a-REE-o-la)
The area pigmentation that surrounds the nipple. Areola color ranges from light pink to dark brown.
aromatase inhibitor: Pronunciation: (a-ROW-ma-tays in-HIB-it-er)
A medication that prevents the formation of estradiol, a female hormone, by interfering with an aromatase enzyme. Aromatase inhibitors are used as a type of hormone therapy for postmenopausal women who have hormone-dependent breast cancer. Examples of aromatase inhibitors include anastrozole (brand name: Arimidex), letrozole (brand name: Femara), and exemestane (brand name: Aromasin).
aspirate: Pronunciation: (AS-pi-rit)
Fluid withdrawn from a breast lump (often a cyst) .
aspiration: Pronunciation: (as-per-AY-shun)
Removal of fluid or tissue through a needle.
assay: Pronunciation: (AS-say)
A laboratory test to find and measure the amount of a specific substance.
assessment: Pronunciation: (uh-SESS-ment)
In healthcare, a process used to learn about a person's condition. This may include a complete medical history, medical tests, a physical exam, a test of learning skills, tests to find out if the person is able to carry out the tasks of daily living, a mental health evaluation, and a review of social support and community resources available to the person.
asthenia: Weakness; lack of energy and strength.
asymmetry: Lack or absence of balanced proportions between parts of a thing.
asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease or illness.
attention: Having the ability to focus on one task or topic to the exclusion of others. Some women affected by breast cancer report difficulty with tasks requiring attention during and following breast cancer treatment.
atypical hyperplasia: Pronunciation: (AY-TIP-i-kul hy-per-PLAY-zha)
A benign (noncancerous) condition in which cells look abnormal under a microscope and are increased in number. Atypical lobular or ductal hyperplasia means the overactive growth of cells in the breast lobules or ducts.
autologous: Pronunciation: (aw-TAHL-o-gus)
Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA.
autologous stem cell transplantation: Pronunciation: (aw-TAH-loh-gus)
A procedure in which blood-forming stem cells (cells from which all blood cells develop) are removed, stored, and later given back to the same person.
autologous tumor cell: A cancer cell from an individual's own tumor.
axilla: Pronunciation: (ak-SIL-a)
The underarm or armpit.
axillary: Pronunciation: (AK-sil-air-ee)
Pertaining to the armpit area, including the lymph nodes that are located there.
axillary dissection: Pronunciation: (AK-suh-LAIR-ee dis-EK-shun)
Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region. Also called axillary lymph node dissection. In this procedure, the doctor looks for the presence of breast cancer in the lymph nodes.
axillary lymph node: Pronunciation: (AK-suh-LAIR-ee)
A lymph node in the armpit region that drains lymph channels from the breast.
axillary lymph node dissection: Pronunciation: (AK-suh-LAIR-ee ... dis-EK-shun)
Surgery to remove lymph nodes found in the armpit region. Also called axillary dissection. In this procedure, the doctor looks for the presence of breast cancer in the lymph nodes.
BBB: Blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a protective network of blood vessels and tissue that protects the brain from harmful substances, such as chemotherapy treatments.
BBBD: Blood-brain barrier disruption. The use of medications to create openings between cells in the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a protective network of blood vessels and tissue that protects the brain from harmful substances, but can also prevent anticancer medications from reaching the brain. Once the barrier is opened, anticancer medications may be infused into an artery that goes to the brain, in order to treat brain tumors.
benign: Pronunciation: (beh-NINE)
Not cancerous. Benign breast tumors do not spread to tissues around them or to other parts of the body.
benign breast disease: Pronunciation: (bih-NYN brest dih-ZEEZ)
A common condition marked by benign (noncancerous) changes in breast tissue. These changes may include irregular lumps or cysts, breast discomfort, sensitive nipples, and itching. These symptoms may change throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause. Also called fibrocystic breast disease, fibrocystic breast changes, and mammary dysplasia.
benign proliferative breast disease: A group of noncancerous conditions that may increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Examples include ductal hyperplasia, lobular hyperplasia, and papillomas.
benign tumor: Pronunciation: (beh-NINE)
A noncancerous breast growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.
bereavement: Pronunciation: (beh-REEV-ment)
A state of sadness, grief, and mourning after the loss of a loved one.
best practice: In medicine, treatment that experts agree is appropriate, accepted, and widely used. Healthcare providers are obligated to provide people with the best practice. Also called standard therapy or standard of care.
BI-RADS: Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System. A method used by radiologists to interpret and report in a standardized manner the results of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI used in breast cancer screening and diagnosis.
Biafine cream: A topical preparation to reduce the risk of, and treat skin reactions to, breast cancer radiation therapy.
bias: In a clinical trial, a flaw in the study design or method of collecting or interpreting information. Biases can lead to incorrect conclusions about what the study or trial showed.
bilateral: Affecting both the right and left sides of the body. A bilateral mastectomy is surgery to remove both the right and left breast.
bilateral cancer: Cancer that occurs in both paired organs, such as both breasts or both ovaries.
bilateral prophylactic mastectomy: Pronunciation: (by-LAT-uh-ral pro-fi-LAK-tik mas-TEK-tuh-mee)
Surgery to remove both breasts in order to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer. Also called preventive mastectomy.
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: Surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
bioavailable: The ability of a medication or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a medication or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body.
biochanin A: An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones are being studied to see if they help prevent breast cancer.
biofeedback: A method of learning to voluntarily control certain body functions such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and muscle tension with the help of a special machine. Some women affected by breast cancer use this method to help control pain.
biologic agent: A substance that is made from a living organism or its products and is used in the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of breast cancer and other diseases. Also called targeted agents. Biologic agents include antibodies, interleukins, and vaccines. Also called biological agent or biological medication. An example of a biologic agent is trastuzumab (brand name: Herceptin).
biological response modifier therapy: Pronunciation: (by-oh-LAH-jih-kul ...)
BRM therapy. Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by breast cancer treatment. Also called immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological therapy.
biological therapy: Pronunciation: (by-oh-LAH-jih-kul THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also called immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy.
biomarker: A substance sometimes found in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues. A high level of biomarker may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer) and CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers. Also called tumor marker.
biopsy: Pronunciation: (BY-op-see)
The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist to see whether breast cancer is present. The pathologist may study the tissue under a microscope or perform other tests on the cells or tissue. When only a sample of tissue is removed, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle, the procedure is called a needle biopsy, core biopsy, or fine-needle aspiration.
biopsy specimen: Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether breast cancer is present.
biotherapy: Pronunciation: (by-oh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight breast cancer, infections, and other diseases. Also used to lessen certain side effects that may be caused by cancer treatment. Also called biological therapy, immunotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy.
birth defect: When a baby is born with a physical or mental abnormality that developed while in the womb. Women undergoing certain breast cancer treatments should not become pregnant because of the risk of birth defects.
bisphosphonate: A type of medication used to build and strengthen bone, treat osteoporosis and manage bone pain caused by bone metastasis (breast cancer that has spread to the bone) . Bisphosphonates may be used in women affected by breast cancer who are at risk for bone loss or for bone metastasis. Also called diphosphonate. An example of a bisphosphonate is alendronate sodium (brand name: Fosamax).
black cohosh: Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black snakeroot, rattlesnake root, bugwort, and bugbane.
black snakeroot: Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black cohosh, rattlesnake root, bugwort, and bugbane.
blessed thistle: Cnicus benedictus. A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Blessed thistle may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called St. Benedict's thistle, cardin, holy thistle, and spotted thistle.
blinded study: A type of study in which the participants (single-blinded) or the participants and their doctors (double-blinded) do not know which medication or treatment is being given to the participant. The opposite of a blinded study is an open label study.
blood: The liquid pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries of the body containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other substances suspended in fluid called plasma. Blood takes oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries away wastes. Blood completes circulation through the body in 20 seconds.
blood cell count: A test to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood. Also called complete blood count (CBC).
blood chemistry study: A procedure in which a sample of blood is examined to measure the amounts of certain substances made in the body. An abnormal amount of a substance can be a sign of disease in the organ or tissue that produces it.
blood thinner: A medication that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called an anticoagulant.
blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products through a blood vessel.
blood vessel: A tube through which the blood circulates in the body. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
blood-brain barrier: A network of blood vessels with closely spaced cells that makes it difficult for potentially toxic substances (such as chemotherapy treatments) to penetrate the blood vessel walls and enter the brain.
blood-brain barrier disruption: BBBD. The use of medications to create openings between cells in the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a protective network of blood vessels and tissue that protects the brain from harmful substances, such as chemotherapy treatments, but can also prevent anticancer medications from reaching the brain. Once the barrier is opened, anticancer medications may be infused into an artery that goes to the brain, in order to treat brain tumors.
BMD: Bone mineral density. A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone density and bone mass.
body image: How a person feels about how he or she looks. After breast cancer treatment, some people experience changes in their body image.
bone density: Pronunciation: (DEN-sih-tee)
A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mass.
bone marrow: The soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of most bones. It produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
bone marrow transplantation: Pronunciation: (trans-plan-TAY-shun)
A procedure to replace bone marrow that has been destroyed by treatment with high doses of chemotherapy treatments or radiation. Transplantation may be autologous (an individual's own marrow saved before treatment), allogeneic (marrow donated by someone else), or syngeneic (marrow donated by an identical twin).
bone mass: A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone density and bone mineral density (BMD).
bone metastases: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) breast tumor to the bone.
bone mineral density: Pronunciation: (DEN-sih-tee)
BMD. A measure of the amount of calcium contained in a certain volume of bone. Calcium gives bones their strength and helps keep them from breaking. Bone density measurements may be used to diagnose osteoporosis, to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to figure out how likely the bones are to break. Also called bone density and bone mass.
bone pain: Discomfort in bone, sometimes referred to as joint pain or muscle pain. Bone pain may be a side effect of some breast cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, surgery or hormonal therapy. Women with bone metastasis may experience bone pain as a symptom of their diagnosis.
bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. This test looks to see whether or where breast cancer has spread to the bones.
bone-seeking radioisotope: A radioactive substance that is given through a vein, and collects in bone cells and in tumor cells that have spread to the bone. It kills cancer cells by giving off low-level radiation.
boron neutron capture therapy: A type of radiation therapy. The person is given an intravenous infusion containing the element boron, which concentrates in the tumor cells. The person then receives radiation therapy with atomic particles called neutrons from a small research nuclear reactor. The radiation is absorbed by the boron, killing the tumor cells without harming normal cells.
boronophenylalanine-fructose complex: BPA-F. A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BPA-F is injected into a vein, and becomes concentrated in tumor cells. The person then receives radiation treatment with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron in BPA-F, producing radioactive particles that kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells.
botanical: Having to do with, or derived from, plants.
brachytherapy: Pronunciation: (BRA-kee-THAYR-uh-pee)
A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near a breast tumor. Also called internal radiation, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy.
brain metastasis: Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) breast tumor to the brain.
BRCA1: A gene on chromosome 17 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. A person who inherits an altered version of the BRCA1 gene has a higher risk of getting breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer.
BRCA2: A gene on chromosome 13 that normally helps to suppress cell growth. A person who inherits an altered version of the BRCA2 gene has a higher risk of getting breast, ovarian, or prostate cancer.
breakthrough pain: Intense increases in pain that occur with rapid onset even when pain-control medication is being used. Breakthrough pain can occur spontaneously or in relation to a specific activity.
breast: Glandular organ located on the chest. The breast is made up of connective tissue, fat, and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk. Also called mammary gland.
breast augmentation: Surgery to increase the size of the breast. Sometimes women who undergo reconstructive surgery after mastectomy also have breast augmentation on the unaffected breast to keep the two breasts symmetrical.
breast cancer in situ: Abnormal cells that are confined to the ducts or lobules in the breast. There are two forms, called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS).
breast conservation therapy: An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-conserving surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter, or quadrant, of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor). Also called breast-sparing surgery.
breast conserving therapy: The surgical removal of a portion of the breast as well as a small amount of breast tissue that contains and surrounds the tumor.
breast density: Describes the relative amount of different tissues present in the breast. A dense breast has less fat than glandular and connective tissue. Mammogram films of breasts with higher density are harder to read and interpret than those of less dense breasts. Pre-menopausal women tend to have denser breasts than post-menopausal women.
breast duct endoscopy: A method used to examine the lining of the breast ducts to look for abnormal tissue. A very thin, flexible, lighted tube attached to a camera is inserted through the nipple, and threaded into the breast ducts deep in the breast. Tissue and fluid samples may be removed during the procedure.
Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System: BI-RADS. A method used by radiologists to interpret and report in a standardized manner the results of mammography, ultrasound, and MRI used in breast cancer screening and diagnosis.
breast implant: A silicone gel-filled or saline-filled sac placed under the chest muscle to restore breast shape.
breast pain: Pain in the breast or mammary gland. Breast pain does not necessarily indicate breast cancer; it may be caused by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle or during peri-menopause. Also called breast tenderness.
breast reconstruction: Surgery to rebuild the shape of the breast after a mastectomy.
breast self-exam: An exam by a woman of her breasts to check for lumps, masses, thickening, or other changes.
breast tenderness: Pain or tenderness in the breast or mammary gland. Breast tenderness does not necessarily indicate breast cancer; it may be caused by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle or during peri-menopause. Also called breast pain.
breast-conserving surgery: An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-conserving surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter, or quadrant, of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor). Also called breast-sparing surgery.
breast-sparing surgery: An operation to remove the breast cancer but not the breast itself. Types of breast-sparing surgery include lumpectomy (removal of the lump), quadrantectomy (removal of one quarter, or quadrant, of the breast), and segmental mastectomy (removal of the cancer as well as some of the breast tissue around the tumor and the lining over the chest muscles below the tumor). Also called breast-conserving surgery.
Brief Pain Inventory: A questionnaire used to measure pain.
BSH: Sodium borocaptate. A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BSH is injected into a vein and becomes concentrated in tumor cells. The person then receives radiation treatment with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron in BSH and make radioactive particles that kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells.
bugbane: Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black cohosh, black snakeroot, rattlesnake root, and bugwort.
bugwort: Cimicifuga racemosa. An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The plant is also called black cohosh, black snakeroot, rattlesnake root, and bugbane.
burdock: Arctium lappa. A plant whose seeds and root have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called lappa and happy major.
c-erbB-2: The gene that controls cell growth by making the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Also called HER2/neu.
CA-125: A protein sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of ovarian or breast cancer.
CA-125 test: A blood test that measures the level of CA-125, a protein found in blood, other body fluids and some tissues. Increased levels of CA-125 may be a sign of ovarian or breast cancer.
CA-15-3: A protein sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of breast or ovarian cancer.
CA-15-3 test: A test for the presence of a protein that when found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues may suggest the presence of breast or ovarian cancer.
CA-27-29: A protein sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of breast or ovarian cancer.
CA-27-29 test: A test for the presence of a protein that when found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues may suggest the presence of breast or ovarian cancer.
cachexia: Pronunciation: (ka-KEK-see-a)
Loss of body weight and muscle mass, and weakness that may occur in people with breast cancer, AIDS, or other chronic diseases.
CAD: Computer-aided detection and diagnosis. This relatively new technology uses a computer program to help radiologists detect signs of breast cancer on a mammogram.
calcification: Calcium is a mineral found in the bones but it also circulates in the bloodstream and is deposited in many different types of tissue in the body, including the breast. Calcification helps the body in the healing processes. In the breast, calcium is most commonly a sign of a benign (non-cancerous) disease or problem. Early breast cancer can also show up as calcium deposits. It is one of many things a radiologist looks for when reading a mammogram.
calcium: Pronunciation: (KAL-see-um)
A mineral found in teeth, bones, and other body tissues.
calcium carbonate: A mineral taken primarily as a supplement to prevent osteoporosis. It is also being studied for breast cancer prevention.
CAM: Complementary and alternative medicine. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices generally are not considered standard medical approaches. Standard treatments go through a long and careful research process to prove they are safe and effective, but less is known about most types of CAM. CAM may include dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.
cancer: A term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. Cancer cells can invade nearby tissues and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body.
cancer of unknown primary origin: A case in which cancer cells are found in the body, but the place where the cells first started growing (the origin or primary site) cannot be determined.
cancer vaccine: A vaccine designed to prevent or treat cancer.
candidiasis: Pronunciation: (kan-dih-DY-uh-siss)
A condition in which Candida albicans, a type of yeast, grows out of control in moist skin areas of the body. It is usually a result of a weakened immune system, but can be a side effect of breast cancer chemotherapy or treatment with antibiotics. Thrush usually affects the mouth (oral thrush); however, rarely, it spreads throughout the entire body. Also called candidosis or thrush.
candidosis: Pronunciation: (kan-dih-DOH-siss)
A condition in which Candida albicans, a type of yeast, grows out of control in moist skin areas of the body. It is usually a result of a weakened immune system, but can be a side effect of breast cancer chemotherapy or treatment with antibiotics. Thrush usually affects the mouth (oral thrush); however, rarely, it spreads throughout the entire body. Also called candidiasis or thrush.
carcinogen: Pronunciation: (kar-SIN-o-jin)
Any substance that causes cancer.
carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.
carcinoma in situ: Pronunciation: (KAR-si-NO-ma in SYE-too)
Cancer that involves only cells in the tissue in which it began and that has not spread to nearby tissues. For example, in the breast, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) means cancer cells that are confined to the duct and have not invaded surrounding tissue.
carcinostatic: Pronunciation: (KAR-sin-o-STAT-ik)
Pertaining to slowing or stopping the growth of cancer.
cardiac: Having to do with the heart.
cardin: Cnicus benedictus. A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Cardin may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called blessed thistle, St. Benedict's thistle, holy thistle, and spotted thistle.
cardiopulmonary: Having to do with the heart and lungs.
cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart.
cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels.
cardiovascular disease: Any condition having to do with the heart and blood vessels. Cardiovascular diseases include coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, heart attack, high blood pressure, stroke and hardening of the arteries.
carotenoid: A substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. Carotenoids may reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
case manager: A nurse or other healthcare practitioner who coordinates the treatment of a woman affected by breast cancer throughout her treatment. The case manager helps the woman formulate questions for the healthcare team, work with insurance companies and identify resources for her and her caregivers.
case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual person. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the individual (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin).
case series: A group or series of case reports involving people who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individuals. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment.
case-control study: A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). Researchers study the medical and lifestyle histories of the people in each group to learn what factors may be associated with the disease or condition. For example, one group may have been exposed to a particular substance that the other was not. Also called a retrospective study.
CAT scan: Computerized axial tomography scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computed tomography (CT scan) or computerized tomography.
catheter: Pronunciation: (KATH-i-ter)
A flexible tube used to deliver fluids into or withdraw fluids from the body.
cauterization: Pronunciation: (KAW-ter-ih-ZAY-shun)
The destruction of tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance.
cauterize: Pronunciation: (KOT-uh-rize)
To destroy tissue with a hot instrument, an electrical current, or a caustic substance. This process may be used to kill certain types of small tumors or to seal off blood vessels to stop bleeding.
CBC: Complete blood count. A test to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood. Also called blood cell count.
cell: The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells.
cell differentiation: The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function.
cell motility: The ability of a cell to move.
cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.
cell respiration: A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). Also called oxidative metabolism, aerobic metabolism, or aerobic respiration.
cell-cycle regulation: Any process that controls the series of events by which a cell goes through the cell cycle. During the cell cycle, a cell makes a copy of its DNA and other contents, and divides in two. When cell cycle regulation doesn't happen correctly, cells may divide in an uncontrolled way, and diseases such as breast cancer can occur.
cell-to-cell signaling: The transfer of information from one cell to another.
cellular adhesion: The close adherence (bonding) to adjoining cell surfaces.
cellular adoptive immunotherapy: A treatment used to help the immune system fight breast cancer. A individual's T cells (a type of white blood cell) are collected and grown in the laboratory to increase the number of T cells that are able to kill the person's breast cancer cells. These breast cancer-specific T cells are given back to the person to help the immune system fight the breast cancer.
cellular metabolism: The sum of all chemical changes that take place in a cell through which energy and basic components are provided for essential processes, including the synthesis of new molecules and the breakdown and removal of others.
cellulitis: An infection of the skin that causes it to become warm and tender and may also cause fever, chills, swollen lymph nodes, and blisters.
certification: Healthcare providers who are board certified have been highly trained in their field. (Elyse, please list examples of some of the types of breast cancer doctors that are certified)
cervical: Pronunciation: (SER-vih-kul)
Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck.
cervical node: Lymph nodes that are found in the neck.
Chamberlain procedure: A procedure in which a tube is inserted into the chest to view the tissues and organs in the area between the lungs and between the breastbone and heart. The tube is inserted through an incision next to the breastbone. This procedure is usually used to get a tissue sample from the lymph nodes on the left side of the chest. Also called anterior mediastinotomy.
chaplain: Pronunciation: (CHA-plin)
A member of the clergy in charge of a chapel or who works with the military or with an institution, such as a hospital.
chemo brain: Also called cognitive dysfunction. A side effect reported by some women who undergo chemotherapy treatment that encompasses difficulty with a variety of cognitive functions, including short-term memory, attention, learning and multi-tasking.
chemoembolization: A procedure in which the blood supply to the breast tumor is blocked surgically or mechanically and anticancer medications are administered directly into the tumor. This permits a higher concentration of medcine to be in contact with the tumor for a longer period of time.
chemoimmunotherapy: Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. Chemotherapy uses different medications to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells; immunotherapy uses treatments to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight breast cancer.
chemoprevention: Pronunciation: (KEE-mo-pre-VEN-shun)
The use of medications to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, breast cancer.
chemoprevention studies: In cancer prevention clinical trials, studies test whether taking certain medicines can prevent breast cancer. Also called agent studies.
chemoprotective: A quality of some medications used in breast cancer treatment. Chemoprotective agents protect healthy tissue from the toxic effects of anticancer medications.
chemoradiation: Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiation therapy. Also called chemoradiotherapy.
chemoradiotherapy: Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiation therapy. Also called chemoradiation.
chemosensitivity: The susceptibility of tumor cells to the cell-killing effects of anticancer medications.
chemosensitivity assay: A laboratory test that measures the number of tumor cells that are killed by a cancer medication. The test is done after the tumor cells are removed from the body. A chemosensitivity assay may help in choosing the best medications for the particular breast cancer.
chemosensitizer: A medication that makes tumor cells more sensitive to the effects of chemotherapy.
chemotherapeutic agent: A medication used to treat breast cancer.
chemotherapy: Pronunciation: (kee-moh-THAYR-uh-pee)
Treatment with medications that kill cancer cells.
chest wall: The muscles, bones, and joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen.
chest wall recurrence: When a primary breast cancer spreads to the muscles, bones or joints that make up the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen.
chest x-ray: An x-ray of the structures inside the chest. An x-ray is a type of radiation that passes through the chest onto film or onto a digital plate, creating pictures of the lungs, heart and bones of the chest, which can be used to diagnose some diseases.
Chinese rhubarb: Rheum palmatum or Rheum officinale. The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called rhubarb, da-huang, Indian rhubarb, and Turkish rhubarb.
cholesterol: Pronunciation: (kuh-LESS-tuh-rawl)
A waxy, fat-like substance made in the liver, and found in the blood and in all cells of the body. Cholesterol is important for good health and is needed for making cell walls, tissues, hormones, vitamin D, and bile acid. Cholesterol also comes from eating foods taken from animals such as egg yolks, meat, and whole-milk dairy products.
chromosome: Pronunciation: (KRO-mo-some)
Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes.
chronic: Pronunciation: (KRAHN-ik)
A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time.
chronic pain: Pain that can range from mild to severe, and persists or progresses over a long period of time.
circulatory system: The system that contains the heart and the blood vessels and moves blood throughout the body. This system helps tissues get enough oxygen and nutrients, and it helps them get rid of waste products. The lymph system, which connects with the blood system, is often considered part of the circulatory system.
clavicle: Collar bone.
cleaved: Having to do with the appearance of cells when viewed under a microscope. The nucleus of cleaved cells appears divided or segmented.
clergy: Pronunciation: (KLUR-jee)
Ordained individuals who perform spiritual and/or religious functions.
clinical: Having to do with the examination and treatment of people.
clinical breast exam: An exam of the breast performed by a healthcare provider to check for lumps or other changes.
clinical practice guidelines: Guidelines developed to help healthcare professionals and those they help make decisions about screening, prevention, or treatment of a specific health condition.
clinical resistance: The failure of a breast cancer to shrink after treatment.
clinical series: A type of clinical (not laboratory) research in which the participants receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility.
clinical study: A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment. Also called a clinical trial.
clinical trial: A type of research study that tests how well new medical approaches work in people. These studies test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment. Also called a clinical study.
cnicin: A substance found in certain plants, including blessed thistle. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Cnicin belongs to a group of substances called sesquiterpene lactones.
co-culture: A mixture of two or more different kinds of cells that are grown together.
cobalt 60: A radioactive form of the metal cobalt, which is used as a source of radiation to treat breast cancer.
cognition: The ability of the mind to perceive, learn and reason.
cognitive dysfunction: Also called chemo brain. A side effect reported by some women who undergo chemotherapy treatment that encompasses difficulty with a variety of cognitive functions, including short-term memory, attention, learning and multi-tasking.
cohort study: A research study that compares a particular outcome (such as breast cancer) in groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic (for example, female nurses who smoke compared with those who do not smoke).
combination chemotherapy: Treatment using more than one anticancer medication.
comedo carcinoma: A type of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS, an early-stage breast cancer). It tends to be more aggressive than other types of DCIS
comfort care: Care given to improve the quality of life of people who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of comfort care is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of the disease, side effects caused by treatment of the disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to the disease or its treatment. Also called palliative care, supportive care, and symptom management.
comorbidity: The condition of having two or more diseases at the same time.
compassionate use trial: A way to provide an investigational therapy to a person who is not eligible to receive that therapy in a clinical trial, but who has a serious or life-threatening illness for which other treatments are not available. Also called expanded access trial.
complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment used in addition to (complementary) or instead of standard treatments. These practices generally are not considered standard medical approaches. Standard treatments go through a long and careful research process to prove they are safe and effective, but less is known about most types of CAM. CAM may include dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.
complementary medicine: Practices often used to enhance or complement standard treatments. They generally are not recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches because they typically are not subjective to rigorous scientific studies before they are utilized. Complementary medicine may include dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, acupuncture, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation.
complete blood count: CBC. A test to check the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in a sample of blood. Also called blood cell count.
complete hysterectomy: Pronunciation: (hiss-ter-EK-toe-mee)
Surgery to remove the entire uterus, including the cervix. Sometimes, not all of the cervix is removed. Also called total hysterectomy.
complete metastasectomy: Pronunciation: (meh-TAS-ta-SEC-tuh-mee)
Surgery to remove all tumors formed from cells that have spread from the primary breast tumor.
complete remission: The disappearance of all signs of breast cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the breast cancer will not return. Also called a complete response.
complete response: The disappearance of all signs of breast cancer in response to treatment. This does not always mean the cancer will not return. Also called a complete remission.
complex decongestive therapy: Also called CDT. A common treatment for lymphedema that includes a combination of skin care, exercise, bandaging, compression sleeves and light massage.
compound: Pronunciation: (KOM-pownd)
In science, a substance that is made up of more than one ingredient.
compression bandage: A bandage designed to provide pressure to a particular area.
concurrent therapy: A treatment that is given at the same time as another.
conditioned stimulus: A situation in which one signal, or stimulus, is given just before another signal. After this happens several times, the first signal alone can cause the response that would usually need the second signal.
congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues.
connective tissue: Supporting tissue that surrounds other tissues and organs. Specialized connective tissue includes bone, cartilage, blood, and fat.
consecutive case series: A clinical study that includes all eligible participants identified by the researchers during the study registration period. The participants are treated in the order in which they are identified. This type of study usually does not have a control group.
constipation: Pronunciation: (KAHN-stih-PAY-shun)
A condition in which stool becomes hard, dry, and difficult to pass, and bowel movements don't happen very often. Other symptoms may include painful bowel movements, and feeling bloated, uncomfortable, and sluggish.
contiguous: Touching or very close together.
continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time.
contracture: A capsule or shell of dense scar tissue that may form around a breast implant.
contraindication: A symptom or medical condition that makes a particular treatment or procedure inadvisable because a person is likely to have a bad reaction. For example, having a bleeding disorder is a contraindication for taking aspirin because treatment with aspirin may cause excess bleeding.
contralateral: Having to do with the opposite side of the body.
control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works.
controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all.
controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group.
conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment.
conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy.
cooperative group: A group of physicians, hospitals, or both formed to treat a large number of persons in the same way so that a new treatment can be evaluated quickly. Clinical trials of new cancer treatments often require many more people than a single physician or hospital can care for.
core biopsy: The removal of a tissue sample from the breast with a needle for examination under a microscope.
corpus: The body of the uterus.
corticosteroid: Corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of breast cancer and its treatment.
cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses.
COX-2 inhibitor: Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication used to relieve pain and inflammation. COX-2 inhibitors are being studied in the prevention of colon polyps, and as anticancer medications for breast cancer.
cultured cell: A human, plant, or animal cell that has been adapted to grow in the laboratory.
cultured cell line: Cells of a single type (human, animal, or plant) that have been adapted to grow continuously in the laboratory and are used in research.
cumulative dose: In medicine, the total amount of a medication or radiation given to a person over time; for example, the total dose of radiation given in a series of radiation treatments.
cutaneous: Pronunciation: (kyoo-TAY-nee-us)
Having to do with the skin.
cutaneous breast cancer: Cancer that has spread from the breast to the skin.
cyanosis: Blue-colored skin caused by too little oxygen in the blood.
cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor: COX-2 inhibitor. A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication used to relieve pain and inflammation. COX-2 inhibitors are being studied in the prevention of colon polyps, and as anticancer drugs. (same question as above)
cyst: Pronunciation: (sist)
A sac in the breast (or other parts of the body) filled with fluid. Cysts are usually benign (not cancerous). The best way to diagnose a cyst is with ultrasound. Occasionally, the fluid needs to be removed.
cystosarcoma phyllodes: CSP. A type of tumor found in breast tissue. It typically grows quickly but that does not mean it is malignant. It is usually benign (not cancer), but may be malignant (cancer). Also called phyllodes tumor.
cytopenia: A reduction in the number of blood cells.
cytoplasm: The fluid inside a cell but outside the cell's nucleus. Most chemical reactions in a cell take place in the cytoplasm.
cytotoxic: Cell-killing.
cytotoxic chemotherapy: Anticancer drugs that kill cells, especially cancer cells.
cytotoxic T cell: A type of white blood cell that can directly destroy specific cells. T cells can be separated from other blood cells, grown in the laboratory, and then given to a patient to destroy tumor cells. Certain cytokines can also be given to a patient to help form cytotoxic T cells in the person's body.
da-huang: Rheum palmatum or Rheum officinale. The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. Also called rhubarb, Chinese rhubarb, Indian rhubarb, and Turkish rhubarb. As with many herbal remedies there is little formal, scientific study of safety or effectiveness regarding this substance.
Data Safety and Monitoring Committee: An impartial group that oversees a clinical trial and reviews the results to see if they are acceptable. This group determines if the trial should be changed or closed.
DCIS: Ductal carcinoma in situ. A noninvasive, stage 0 cancer in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, DCIS may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues, although it is not known at this time how to predict which lesions will become invasive. Factors that seem to play a role in predicting future invasive breast cacners include the size of the area affected by DCIS, the degree of cancerous change in the abnormal cells and, in women having surgery which conserves the breast, the width of the margins surrounding the tumor when it has been removed. Because of this uncertainty, women with DCIS may be given the option to undergo certain breast cancer treatments. Also called intraductal carcinoma and noninvasive duct carcinoma.
de novo: Pronunciation: (dih NO-vo)
In breast cancer, the first occurrence of cancer in the body.
deficiency: In medicine, a shortage of a substance (such as a vitamin or mineral) needed by the body.
dehydration: A condition caused by the loss of too much water from the body. Severe diarrhea, or vomiting or inability to take in fluids can cause dehydration.
delayed-type hypersensitivity response: DTH. An inflammatory response that develops 24 to 72 hours after exposure to a substance (known as an antigen) that the immune system recognizes as foreign. This type of immune response involves mainly T cells rather than antibodies (which are made by B cells).
dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes.
dendritic cell vaccine: A vaccine made of antigens and dendritic antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
dense breast: Breasts that contain more glandular and connective tissue than fat. Premenopausal women tend to have denser breasts. Breast density makes mammograms more difficult to interpret
deoxyribonucleic acid: DNA. The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next.
depression: Pronunciation: (dee-PREH-shun)
A mental condition marked by ongoing feelings of sadness, despair, loss of energy, and difficulty dealing with normal daily life. Other symptoms of depression include feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, loss of pleasure in activities, changes in eating or sleeping habits, and thoughts of death or suicide. Depression can affect anyone, and can be successfully treated. Depression affects 15-25% of people affected by cancer.
diagnosis: The process of identifying a disease by the signs and symptoms.
diagnostic mammogram: X-ray of the breasts used to check for breast cancer after a lump or other sign or symptom of breast cancer has been found.
diagnostic procedure: A method used to aid in the identification of a disease.
diagnostic trial: A research study that evaluates methods of detecting disease.
diameter: The length of a straight line that extends from one edge of a breast tumor or other object, through its center and to the opposite edge. It is usually used to measure the size of round or spherical shapes.
diaphragm: Pronunciation: (DYE-a-fram)
The thin muscle below the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the abdomen.
diarrhea: Frequent and watery bowel movements.
DIEP flap: A type of breast reconstruction in which blood vessels called deep inferior epigastric perforators (DIEP), and the skin and fat connected to them, are removed from the lower abdomen and used for reconstruction. Muscle is left in place.
dietary supplement: Vitamins, minerals, or other substances taken by mouth, and intended as an addition to the diet.
dietitian: Pronunciation: (dy-uh-TIH-shun)
A health professional with special training in nutrition who can help with dietary choices. Also called a nutritionist.
differentiation: In cancer, refers to how mature (developed) the cancer cells are in a tumor. Differentiated tumor cells resemble normal cells and tend to grow and spread at a slower rate than undifferentiated or poorly differentiated tumor cells, which lack the structure and function of normal cells and grow uncontrollably.
diffuse: Widely spread; not localized or confined.
digital mammography: A technique that uses a computer, rather than x-ray film, to record x-ray images of the breast.
dimpling: Any pucker or indentation on the skin of the breast. Any dimpling of the breast should be checked by a healthcare provider.
diphosphonate: A medication used to treat osteoporosis and the bone pain caused by some types of cancer. Also called bisphosphonate.
disease progression: For breast cancer, disease that continues to grow or spread.
disease-free survival: Length of time after treatment during which no breast cancer is found. Can be reported for an individual or for a study population.
disease-specific survival: The percentage of participants in a study who have survived a particular disease for a defined period of time. Usually reported as time since diagnosis or treatment. In calculating this percentage in studies of breast cancer, only deaths from breast cancer are counted. Subjects who died from some other cause, such as heart disease, are not included in the calculation.
disorder: Pronunciation: (diss-ORE-der)
In medicine, a disturbance of normal functioning of the mind or body. Disorders may be caused by many factors including genetic abnormalities, , disease, or trauma.
disseminate: Pronunciation: (dih-SEM-ih-NATE)
Scatter or distribute over a large area or range.
distal: In medicine, refers to a part of the body that is farther away from the center of the body than another part. For example, the fingers are distal to the shoulder. The opposite is proximal.
distant cancer: Refers to breast cancer that has spread from the original (primary) breast tumor to distant organs or distant lymph nodes. Also known as distant metastasis or advanced breast cancer.
distant metastasis: Refers to breast cancer that has spread from the original (primary) breast tumor to distant organs or distant lymph nodes. Also known as distant cancer or advanced breast cancer. Common sites of distant metastasis in breast cancer are the bone, liver, and brain.
distraction: In medicine, a pain relief method that takes the person's attention away from the pain.
diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine.
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid. The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next.
DNR order: Do not resuscitate order. A type of advance directive in which a person states that healthcare providers should not perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (restarting the heart) if his or her heart or breathing stops.
do not resuscitate order: Pronunciation: (... ree-SUH-sih-TAYT ...)
DNR order. A type of advance directive in which a person states that healthcare providers should not perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (restarting the heart) if his or her heart or breathing stops.
dose: The amount of medicine taken, or radiation given, at one time.
dose-dense chemotherapy: A chemotherapy treatment plan in which medications are given with less time between treatments than in a standard chemotherapy treatment plan.
dose-dependent: Refers to the effects of treatment with a medication. If the effects change when the dose is changed, the effects are said to be dose-dependent.
dose-limiting: Describes side effects of a medication or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment.
dose-rate: The strength of a treatment given over a period of time.
dosimetrist: Pronunciation: (do-SIM-uh-trist)
A person who determines the proper radiation dose for treatment.
double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving.
doubling time: Pronunciation: (DUH-bling ...)
In biology, the amount of time it takes for one cell to divide or for a group of cells (such as a tumor) to double in size. The doubling time is different for different kinds of cancer cells or tumors.
DPA: Durable power of attorney. A document that gives a person (such as a relative, lawyer, or friend) the authority to make legal or financial decisions for another person. It may become active immediately, or when that person loses the ability to make decisions for himself or herself, depending on how it is written.
drain: In medicine, to remove fluid as it collects; or, a tube or wick-like device used to remove fluid from a body cavity, wound, or infected area. After breast surgery, many women are given a drain to help remove fluid from the surgical area.
drug resistance: The failure of cancer cells, viruses, or bacteria to respond to a medication used to kill or weaken them. The cells, viruses, or bacteria may be resistant to the medication at the beginning of treatment, or may become resistant after being exposed to the medication.
drug tolerance: A condition that occurs when the body gets used to a medicine so that either more medicine is needed or different medicine is needed to achieve the desired effect.
duct: Pronunciation: (dukt)
In medicine, a tube or vessel of the body through which fluids pass.
ductal carcinoma: The most common type of breast cancer. It begins in the cells that line the milk ducts in the breast.
ductal carcinoma in situ: Pronunciation: (DUK-tal KAR-si-NO-ma in SYE-too)
DCIS. A noninvasive, stage 0 cancer in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, DCIS may become invasive cancer and spread to other tissues, although it is not known at this time how to predict which lesions will become invasive. Factors that seem to play a role in predicting future invasive breast cancers include the size of the area affected by DCIS, the degree of cancerous change in the abnormal cells and, in women having surgery which conserves the breast, the width of the margins surrounding the tumor when it has been removed. Because of this uncertainty, women with DCIS may be given the option to undergo certain breast cancer treatments. Also called intraductal carcinoma and noninvasive duct carcinoma.
ductal lavage: Pronunciation: (DUK-tal luh-VAHZ)
A method used to collect cells from milk ducts in the breast. A hair-size catheter (tube) is inserted into the nipple, and a small amount of salt water is released into the duct. The water picks up breast cells, and is removed. The cells are checked under a microscope. Ductal lavage may be used in addition to clinical breast examination and mammography to detect breast cancer.
durable power of attorney: Pronunciation: (DUR-uh-bul ... uh-TUR-nee)
DPA. A document that gives a person (such as a relative, lawyer, or friend) the authority to make legal or financial decisions for another person. It may become active immediately, or when that person loses the ability to make decisions for himself or herself, depending on how it is written.
dysfunction: A state of not functioning normally.
dysgeusia: A bad taste in the mouth. Also called parageusia.
dyspepsia: Upset stomach.
dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing.
dysplasia: Pronunciation: (dis-PLAY-zha)
Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer.
dyspnea: Difficult, painful breathing or shortness of breath.
edema: Pronunciation: (eh-DEE-ma)
Swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues.
efficacy: Effectiveness. In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a medication or surgery) to produce the desired beneficial effect.
EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor. A protein found on the surface of some cells to which epidermal growth factor binds, causing the cells to divide. It is found at abnormally high levels on the surface of many types of cancer cells, including breast cancer cells, causing these tumor cells to divide excessively in the presence of epidermal growth factor. Also known as ErbB1 or HER1.
egg: Also called egg cell or ovum. The female reproductive cell.
egg freezing: A procedure in which the mature eggs harvested from the ovari